The
Berlin zoo has been popular in Germany since its opening in 1844. It stimulated
their intellectual curiosity about the broader world, lands and peoples beyond
their borders. Unlike other zoos in Europe, the Berlin zoo was open to the
public.
Overview of the pre-WWII zoo. |
A
zoo in the nineteenth century was much different than today. Folks went there
for society: concerts, restaurants with 5,000 tables, evening strolls away from
the urbanization of the city, and to see animals. In Through the Lion’s Gate, author Gary Bruce shares another quirky attraction:
Berliners were excited by the prospect of smoking at the zoo, an act banned
since 1787 on streets and squares.
The Predators House |
People
were less concerned about the welfare of animals than the need for educational
and scientific goals. One of the founders, Martin Liechtenstein, was aghast
that visitors put lit cigarettes in the hands of monkeys, but also promoted
social dinners serving surplus zoo animals.
Animals
were captured in the wild by hunters killing the mother and capturing the baby.
Dominating nature and imposing man’s will on the animal world were the themes
of the nineteenth century.
The Elephant House. Buildings visually signified the lands from which the animals came. |
People
were also displayed in the zoo. Inuits from Greenland, Nubians from northeast
Africa, Mongolian nomads, Chileans, Lapps. As late as the 1920s, human exhibits
were common. The people demonstrated their hunting skills, wedding traditions,
and dances. This may sound similar to today’s living history museums, but in at
least one instance, when an Inuit didn’t do what the sponsor wanted, he was whipped
with a dog whip.
The Antilope House. |
In
the twentieth century, a new emphasis grew to save animals rather than hunt
them into extinction. Animals’ lives, freedom and happiness are more important
than dominance. During the Nazi era, nature conservation and animal protection
were big themes. The Berlin zoo was implicit in identifying with Nazi racial
policies, and tried to whitewash its past. At the outset of the war, the zoo
had over 4,000 animals. At war’s end, only ninety-one had survived. Despite
towering piles of rubble and make-shift shelters among the ruins, the zoo
reopened two months later. More than a million Germans visited the zoo in the
year after the war.
The zoo director, a close friend of Herman Goring, kept him supplied with young lions from the zoo, retrieving them when they got too big and dangerous for the field marshall's private residence. |
A
devoted population saved the zoo many times, as they did during the Berlin
Airlift. Zoos are expensive, and the people gave money to the zoo even when
they had little.
After
the war, the first female director discontinued public feeding of the animals,
which led to deaths through overfeeding or intestinal infections. A polar bear
died after being fed salt herring.
Through the Lion’s Gate by Gary Bruce releases in August. It offers an engrossing history of Berlin’s zoo.
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