After Heidi Neumark’s
father’s death, she learned he was Jewish. He left Germany in 1938, and his
parents ended up in Theresienstadt concentration camp. His father perished
there, and his mother got out in February, 1945, when 1,200 Jews were released
to go to Switzerland.
Twelve hundred
Jews were set free? How did that happen?
In her book, Hidden Inheritance, Heidi notes that the
former Swiss president, Jean-Marie Musy, concerned about favoring the losing
side in the war, approached SS Chief Heinrich Himmler about releasing the Jews.
He agreed, if one million Deutsch Marks were put in a Swiss bank account for
him. One train left Theresienstadt when Hitler learned about it and put a stop
to the freedom trains.
I dug a little deeper.
Despite being little known, 1,200 Jews did receive freedom, and life, before
the war’s end. Details get a bit murky. Was the United States involved? Did
thousands more survive because Himmler ordered the end of gassing in November,
1944?
Musy
had known Himmler since the 1930s, and had been the publisher of a pro-German
newspaper. During that time, he favored the removal of Jews from economic and
public life. By 1944, he had reversed his position, stopped his publication,
and decided that the Nazis were criminals and murderers. Not only had Musy
switched his loyalties, he became an emissary of a Zionist movement.
He
told his old friend Himmler that the war was lost, and the persecutions of the
Jews created a terrible impression abroad. With the war coming to an end,
Hitler had ordered the extermination of all remaining Jews in the Nazi death
camps throughout Europe. However, if Himmler kept camp inmates alive, stopped
the death marches, gassings and executions of the remaining 600,000-800,000
Jews, instead of annihilating them as Hitler ordered, he could expect more
favorable treatment from the Allies.
The
Nazis were in need of medicine, trucks and other material. Himmler demanded
from Musy five million Swiss francs worth of medicine and relief supplies in
exchange for freeing and delivering trainloads of Jewish concentration
camp prisoners, promising the release of 1,200 to 1,800 Jewish prisoners every
week or two from Germany to
Switzerland.
Delivery
of such materials was seen as aiding the enemy and therefore illegal. Cash
payment also posed problems. Himmler wanted to approach the
West. In hopes of contact with the Allies, he was willing to make concessions
without any economic returns.
Another
view is that in 1945, hoping to use the surviving prisoners at Theresienstadt
as a bargaining chip for opening negotiations with the western powers, Himmler,
and possibly other SS leaders, agreed to release of 1,200 Theresienstadt
prisoners in exchange for five million Swiss francs put up by Jewish
organizations in an escrowed account in Switzerland.
When
Himmler issued orders to release trainloads of Jews, he met with resistance. Minions
faithful to Hitler told him of the release of the first trainload of
Theresienstadt Jews. Hitler condemned his formerly faithful deputy for betrayal.
Jews
still alive in the camps when the war ended were said to be there because
Himmler ordered a halt to the murder of Jews and the destruction of the gas
chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Death marches, however, continued to the end of
the war.
Himmler had been an architect of the Nazi genocidal
program. After millions had been murdered, did he really think he could expect
leniency?
No
more trainloads arrived in Switzerland.
Everyone
on that lone freedom train had been given new suitcases, clothes and shoes.
They received bread, sausages, and Ovaltine. They were anxious as the train
left Theresienstadt. Which way would it really go? West to life, or east to
death? As they approached Switzerland, the women were given cosmetics to appear
healthy.
Three
months later, Theresienstadt was liberated. Did the freedom train make any
difference? Had those 1,200 not gone to Switzerland, many would probably have
died. To cover up their atrocities, the Germans sent a large influx of
prisoners to Theresienstadt. A typhus epidemic broke out and decimated the
camp. Hundreds died.
For
1,200 people, Himmler’s bid for favor meant life began again.
Another very interesting tidbit... You must do tons of research to find out these unknown facts!
ReplyDelete